가야고분군 아카이브

초록(영문)

The Hapcheon area has been presumed to have small states of Gaya named ‘Dara States’ by the literature historians from the early days and through the excavation survey of Hapcheon Okjeon Tombs during the 1980s the presence of the small states that could be considered as Dara States. On the other hand the nearby area has the Sam-ga Tombs that is larger than the Okjeon Tombs and it had the largest scale from the Gaya Tombs in the western region of Gyeongnam without gathering significant attention. Considering this fact as confirmed from the existing studies if the Okjeon Tombs is a tomb that symbolized the small states of Gaya named ‘Dara States’ the Sam-ga Tombs could also be presumed as the central relics to show the presence of certain small states of Gaya as well. The Sam-ga Tombs has been the subject of two precise excavation surveys in 1982 and 2010 on certain part of it and there has been a precise distribution survey in recent days. According to the distribution survey it has been confirmed of 247 burial mounds in the tomb and including the previously surveyed 40 units the burial mound distributed in its entirety would reach to 328 units. If the Yugu that is not displayed on the surface is considered the entire Yugu (remaining structures) is presumed to reach for 1000 units or more. The scale of the confirmed burial mound would be the most with the diameter of 10~20m and the 30m or larger of burial mound would be around 10 units. The large burial mound of 20m or larger is concentrated on the northern hillock peak line part. Notwithstanding such importance the studies subject for the Sam-ga Tomb to this point have used only part of data including chronological studies of Dae-gaya Tombs study on territories of Dae-gaya and Silla study of So-gaya federation and earthenware style study with the main subject of stone tomb chamber and so forth and comprehensive studies have been made through contemplation of excavation survey reports. Accordingly under this article it is intended to demonstrate the change process characteristics of construction group following the time flow through the studies on relics memorial services before grave and others of the Sam-ga Tombs where there was discovery of tombs earthenware and metal relics in diverse types and it further intends to disclose the reality and history of mall states of Gaya that is no longer displayed. Through the analysis of Yugu and relics of this article the argument is deployed by clearing the deployment tendency for each period of Sam-ga Tombs. However in order to overcome the quantitative limitation of analysis data for relics and Yugu the excavation data of nearby Hapcheon Angye-ri tomb and Uiryeong Cheongok-ri tomb is partially utilized. Through the structural attributes of Yugu and burial style of metallic relics the hierarchical system and class segmentation are sought for the buried person and by reviewing the earthenware relics the time flow in the Sam-ga Tomb was found out. The earthenware had the Gobaeryu (archaeocyathus) and Gidaeryu (a type of ancient earthenware for pottery stand) as the main subjects and it is based on the sequential arrangement method to go through the phase of attribution review → type classification for each type and set the Ⅰ ~ Ⅶ phases by taking a look at the dolmen for the final types. The chronology of each phase was determined by attempting the cross chronology with the earthenware in the sueki and surrounding regions (Daegaya Ara-gaya and Silla) that is contrary to the existing study outcome as applicable to the analysis of earthenware. The deployment trend for each period of Sam-ga Tomb are classified into the Period Ⅰ ~ Period Ⅴ around the characteristic change appearing in the memorial services before grave and earthenware to describe and it is provided with implication following the changes comprehensively for the structure and differentiation of hierarchy of Yugu for each period phase of change for earthenware and so forth. As a result the Period Ⅰ was up to the later part of the 4th century and this period had the earthenware excavated for old rite stoneware and sand container that are similar to the relics of Haman. This period has very little burial volume of metal relics and the Ⅰ-1 wood coffin tomb was large-sized Yugu with the burial of Mo (a type of spear) flat iron axe and others. As such the buried person in Ⅰ-1 Tomb with the metal relics that were not appearing in other large Yugus seems to be a person who had some power and it seems to have the village level of social differentiation. The Period Ⅱ was up to the early part of the 5th century with a significant change in broad regions and it was time of emerging new type s of long rectangular stone chamber and gwandae (table for coffin in the tomb) of Yugu use of table facility armor set or horse device burial of metal items mount cups with an opening around the foot bowl pottery stand Janggyeong-ho (earthenware pottery) and the like. In other word it displays the characteristics of ‘period with diverse styles’. The background of the change has the southern conquering of Great King Gwanggaeto that shook down the political trend of the southern Korean Peninsula of the time. The Gimhae powers scattered into the Gaya group around and it is presumed to influence on establishing the Gaya political system. Under such a change the Sam-ga Tomb also appeared with the wood coffin tomb that would be a super large scale as in Ⅱ-8 Tomb. This super-sized wood coffin tomb shows extremely significant difference from other wood coffin tombs in terms of scale or buried relics. There is only one large wood coffin tomb in the Sogaya region for this period in No. 3 northern wood coffin tomb in Jungchon-ri Sancheon. No. Ⅱ-8 wood coffin tomb and No. 3 northern wood coffin tomb in Jungchon-ri Sancheon are the ones known to have the two forces emerged as powerful groups in the western region of Gyeongnam and it indicates the emergence of mall states of Gaya without the known names in this region. The Period Ⅲ is applicable to the later part of the 5th century and it was the time of establishing and facilitating the local colors displayed in the earthenware from the previous phase that the So-gaya style earthenware was established with the emergence of stone-lined tomb and construction of the wood coffin tomb was drastically declined. The Yugu belonging to this period due to the limitations of the survey is not substantial but considering the earthenware of So-gaya style established at this period and the presence of large wood coffin tomb appearing in this period (Period II) the Sam-ga Group is presumed to work as a core part of the So-gaya federation. Ⅳ Period is the peak time of the Sam-ga Group as the first part of the 6th century. The burial mound was constructed in full scale and the burial volume of metal relics was increased. While the earthenware of So-gaya style continuing to bury together the featured earthenware of Sam-ga Tombs such as capped mount cups with a triangle opening around the foot ‘C5’ ‘C6’ styles were produced. The phenomenon attracting the most attention in this period of Yugu is that large and small burial mounds were made with the construction of ‘multi-chambered tombs’ that contained several units of main burial part in a single burial mound. The burial mound of this multi-chambered structure is confirmed mainly in So-gaya that it could be considered as the burial mound construction technique that is the characteristics of Sogaya. In the meantime the carried in volume of the foreign relics following the surrounding political trend is increased and they are jointly buried on a sloped part or peak line for burial mound. In particular Dae-gaya style pottery table and others interment on the Ara-gaya saw knives large swords burial mound and main structure may indicate mutually close relationship with other regions. Such an entry of foreign relics would be presumed as the result of acting with the drive of Sam-ga Group that intended to accommodate advanced civilization or culture together with certain political intent following the surrounding political situation. Consequently the construction group of this period for the Sam-ga Tombs established unique tombs and conspicuous earthenware culture to enjoy the highest success period while it adapted to the changing environment of absorbing the advanced civilization from the central power of the later Gaya following the complicated history process deployed in the western part of Gyeongnam in a way of existing as the powerful small states of Gaya. The Ⅴ Period is applicable to 3/4 term of the 6th century and only the earthenware of the later Silla style are concentrated without confirming any more of Gaya's relics from the tombs. The memorial services before grave also was adopted for the main memorial services before grave with the stone tomb chamber that is reflected of the low hillock regions. The stone tomb chamber also is built in the unique multi-chambered structure with the enlargement of scale for the burial mound. This is understood as displaying the uniqueness and continuity of the Sam-ga Group and it is presumed that the Silla Kingdom of this period utilized it as an important hub region to rule this area.

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